食品安全检测的“多面手”——详解ELISA技术的应用

<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><font face="宋体" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 10.5pt;">随着现代人民生活水平的提高，人们的食品安全意识不断增强，食品安全检测越来越受到重视。食品中需要检测的残留药物和致病微生物的种类越来越多，最高限量也越来越低。面对这种情况，传统的检测方法已经不能满足人们的需求。因此，迫切需要建立一种能够特异、灵敏、快速、准确地检测食品中有毒有害物质的方法。</font></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span><img src="/images/upload/Image/微信图片_20250331164209.jpg" alt="elisa试剂盒" width="500" height="375" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">酶联免疫吸附（</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">）技术自</font><font face="Calibri">20</font><font face="宋体">世纪</font><font face="Calibri">70</font><font face="宋体">年代问世以来，由于其特异性高、灵敏度强、简便快速，不需要昂贵的仪器设备，特别适合于大量样品的筛查，而成为一种流行的技术，是食品检验中应用最广泛的方法之一。它是将抗原或抗体结合在一定的固相载体表面，让待测样品（其中所含的抗体或抗原）与酶标记的抗原或抗体在固相载体表面发生反应，然后加入底物显色，根据显色反应的深浅进行定性或定量分析。由于酶的催化频率很高，可以使反应效应大大放大，从而使测定方法达到很高的灵敏度。根据试剂来源、标本情况、检测条件等不同，</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">技术主要有直接法、间接法、双抗体夹心法、直接竞争法、间接竞争法、捕获包被法等。研究人员也可根据自身的条件和要求，灵活设计合适的</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;<font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">检测病原微生物</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">由病原微生物引起的食源性疾病是影响食品安全的主要因素之一。沙门氏菌是引起食物中毒的主要病原菌。在世界各国各类细菌性食物中毒中，沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒往往位居首位。</font><font face="Calibri">1977</font><font face="宋体">年，</font><font face="Calibri">Kryinski</font><font face="宋体">和</font><font face="Calibri">Heimsch</font><font face="宋体">首次将</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">法用于食品中沙门氏菌的检测。目前，已有较多应用该方法检测食品中沙门氏菌的报道。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">技术在抗生素检测中的应用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">抗生素广泛应用于动物疾病防控、饲料添加剂等。食品（主要是动物产品）中残留的抗生素对人体有一定的危害。例如，氯霉素会导致再生障碍性贫血和粒细胞缺乏症，氨基糖苷类抗生素会损害听觉神经，四环素类抗生素会抑制幼儿的牙齿发育和骨骼生长。青霉素、链霉素和新生霉素常引起过敏反应，尤以青霉素最为严重。</font><font face="Calibri">1969</font><font face="宋体">年，世界卫生组织和美国食品药品监督管理局（</font><font face="Calibri">FDA</font><font face="宋体">）规定，食品中不得存在青霉素残留。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">目前研制的</font><font face="Calibri"><a href="/">ELISA</a></font><font face="宋体"><a href="/">试剂盒</a>已广泛应用于食品中氯霉素、硫酸铵类药剂、含硝基化合物等抗生素的检测。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">硝基呋喃类抗生素是一类具有潜在致癌、致突变作用的物质。该类抗生素因其抑菌、杀菌作用，广泛应用于家禽、牲畜、水产、蜜蜂等动物传染病的防治。部分抗生素具有促生长作用，可用作饲料添加剂。硝基呋喃类抗生素代谢较快，目前已发展的免疫测定方法均为针对硝基呋喃类抗生素代谢物的</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">在农药残留检测中的应用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">世界卫生组织和联合国粮食及农业组织（</font><font face="Calibri">WHO/FAO</font><font face="宋体">）对农药残留限量的定义是：农药残留的最大浓度，包括直接或间接按照良好农业生产规范（</font><font face="Calibri">GAP</font><font face="宋体">）使用农药后在食品和饲料中形成的农药、原虫、毒性代谢物、降解物和杂质等。甲氰菊酯是一种广泛使用的农药，它可以通过地表径流、雨水冲刷、土壤淋溶等方式进入水环境。甲氰菊酯对鱼类和其他水生生物有剧毒，能在鱼体内富集。甲氰菊酯对鱼类和其他水生生物有剧毒，能在鱼体内富集。常温下在沉积物中的半衰期很长，对水生生态环境，特别是渔业生产有一定的潜在危害。研究人员可以合成甲氰菊酯的人工免疫抗原和包被抗原，然后用该抗原免疫试验兔，获得甲氰菊酯的多克隆抗体，在此基础上开发水产品中甲氰菊酯残留的间接</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">检测方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">在生物毒素检测中的应用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">生物毒素是一大类具有生物活性物质的总称，它能在生物体自身或通过食物链中积累，对人类和其他生物产生危害。黄曲霉毒素（</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋体">）是粮油食品中污染最严重、毒性最大的霉菌毒素，其中</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋体">的毒性是氰化钾的</font><font face="Calibri">10</font><font face="宋体">倍，是砷的</font><font face="Calibri">68</font><font face="宋体">倍，具有很强的致癌性和免疫抑制性，即使在极低的浓度下仍有剧毒。科研人员对粮油中</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋体">含量的检测采用</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">和</font><font face="Calibri">HPLC</font><font face="宋体">进行了对比研究，结果表明</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">法比</font><font face="Calibri">HPLC</font><font face="宋体">法操作更简便、快捷，回收率也更理想。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">在转基因食品检测中的应用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">美国</font><font face="Calibri">FDA</font><font face="宋体">开发了一种双夹心</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">方法，用于检测食品中是否含有转基因玉米成分。该</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">试剂盒可用于测定玉米中的</font><font face="Calibri">Cry9C</font><font face="宋体">蛋白。在同一实验室及实验室间共对</font><font face="Calibri">9</font><font face="宋体">种含玉米的食品进行了测定，测定结果的重现性非常好</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">总而言之，面对日益严峻的食品安全形势，</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">技术以其无可比拟的综合优势，为食品中有害物质的快速筛查提供了高效可靠的解决方案。从农场到餐桌，无论是微生物污染还是化学残留，</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋体">都扮演着不可或缺的&ldquo;哨兵&rdquo;角色。它的广泛应用和持续创新，正为全球食品安全防线注入强劲动力，是守护我们健康饮食的重要基石。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;&#10;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt;&#10;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>