细胞因子的作用和特点

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">目前发现并正式命名的细胞因子有数十种，每种细胞均有其独特的、起主要作用的生物学活性。尽管种类繁多、产生细胞和作用细胞多样、生物学活性广泛、发挥作用的机制不同，但众多的细胞因子具有以下共同的特性：</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">1<font face="宋体">．天然细胞因子是由细胞产生的 正常的静息或休止状态的细胞必须经过激活后才能合成和分泌细胞因子。通常是由抗原、丝裂原或其它刺激物激活免疫细胞和相关细胞，</font><font face="Calibri">6</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">8</font><font face="宋体">小时后细胞培养上清中即可检测出细胞因子，于</font><font face="Calibri">24</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">72</font><font face="宋体">小时期间细胞因子水平最高。但是有些细胞株不需外源刺激就可以自发地分泌某些细胞因子。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">2<font face="宋体">．细胞因子的产生和作用具有多向性即单一刺激如抗原、丝裂原、病毒感染等可使同一种细胞分泌多种细胞因子，而一种细胞因子由多种不同类型的细胞产生可作用于多种不同类型的靶细胞。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">3<font face="宋体">．细胞因子的合成和分泌过程是一种自我调控的过程通常情况下，细胞因子极少储存，即不以前体形式贮存在细胞内，而是经过适当刺激后迅速合成，一旦合面后便分泌至细胞外以发挥生物学作用，刺激消失后合成亦较快地停止并被迅速降解。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">4<font face="宋体">．为低分子量的分泌型蛋白质常被糖基化。分子量大小不等，大多数为</font><font face="Calibri">15</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">30kD</font><font face="宋体">，小者仅</font><font face="Calibri">8</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">10kD</font><font face="宋体">，一般不超过</font><font face="Calibri">80kD</font><font face="宋体">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">5<font face="宋体">．细胞因子需与靶细胞上的高亲和力受体特异结合后才发挥生物学效应。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">6<font face="宋体">．生物学效应极强 细胞因子在</font><font face="Calibri">pM(10-12M)</font><font face="宋体">水平就能发挥显著的生物学效应。这与细胞因子与靶细胞表面特异性受体之间亲和力极高有关，其解离常数在</font><font face="Calibri">10-12</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">10-10M</font><font face="宋体">之间。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">7<font face="宋体">．单一细胞因子可具有多种生物学活性，但多种细胞因子也常具有某些相同或相似的生物学活性。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">8<font face="宋体">．主要参与免疫反应和炎症反应影响反应的强度和持续时间的长短。涉及到感染免疫、肿瘤免疫、自身免疫、移植免疫等诸多方面。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">9<font face="宋体">．以非特异性方式发挥生物学作用且不受</font><font face="Calibri">MHC</font><font face="宋体">限制。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">10<font face="宋体">．某种细胞因子对靶细胞作用的强弱取决于细胞因子的局部浓度，靶细胞本身的类型和旁分泌方式短暂性地产生并在局部发挥作用。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">11.<font face="宋体">天然细胞因子大多是在近距离发挥局部作用 大多是通过自分泌方式和旁分泌方式短暂性地产生并在局部发挥作用。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">12<font face="宋体">．细胞因子的作用并不是孤立存在的，它们之间通过合成分泌的相互调节，受体表达的相互调控、生物学效应的相互影响而组成细胞因子网络也可以取得协同效应，甚至取得两种细胞因子单用时所不具有的新的独特的效应。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>